![]() ![]() Important findings from the fieldwork-across cases-include that rape, even when it occurs on a massive scale, rarely seems to be directly ordered. The statistical evidence confirms that armed groups that recruit using abduction are more likely to perpetrate rape than are groups that use voluntary methods, even controlling for other confounding factors. Cohen argues that armed groups that recruit their fighters through the random abduction of strangers use rape-and especially gang rape-to create bonds of loyalty and trust between soldiers. Cohen also conducted extensive fieldwork, including interviews with perpetrators of wartime rape, in three postconflict counties, finding that rape was widespread in the civil wars of the Sierra Leone and Timor-Leste but was far less common during El Salvador's civil war. This book examines variation in the severity and perpetrators of rape using an original dataset of reported rape during all major civil wars from 1980 to 2012. Rape is common during wartime, but even within the context of the same war, some armed groups perpetrate rape on a massive scale while others never do. See the United Nation's report Conflict-Related Sexual Violencefrom 2019 for a global overview. Joseph (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of war: Social science perspectives (pp. The large media coverage of these post–Cold War crises contributed to the emergence of an international awareness that led to academic research and active humanitarian emergency programs." ![]() Later on, rape would expand in many civil wars in Africa and elsewhere, becoming a global concern in a very short time. In these two cases, rape was a military stratagem and a genocidal tool. "The systematic and military use of rape in the former Yugoslavia conflict and in the Rwandan genocide motivated the international community to analyze rape as a war strategy. "Rape, in wartime, refers to situations in which soldiers from national armies or nonstate belligerents sexually assault women as part of their military campaign in order to establish their domination." The concept of rape as a weapon of war emerged in the 1990s. ![]()
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